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The need to perform tasks that one cares about and that appeal to one's ideals and sense of purpose is a _____ need.


A) relatedness
B) self-actualization
C) control
D) responsibility
E) self-regard

F) C) and D)
G) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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______ is(are) an important moderator of what individuals consider to be positively or negatively valent.


A) Culture
B) Expectancy
C) Generalizability
D) Self-efficacy
E) SMART goals

F) A) and D)
G) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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Nathan is defending his first place ranking at the annual debate competition. Just minutes before his turn, Nathan gets nervous and cannot remember his arguments. His teacher speaks to him, reminding him of his strong skills in debate, which helps shore up his confidence. Nathan then delivers his best and successfully defends his title. Which of the following considerations dictated Nathan's self-efficacy?


A) Past accomplishments
B) Vicarious experiences
C) Verbal persuasion
D) Equity distress
E) Instrumentality

F) A) and E)
G) A) and B)

Correct Answer

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"S" in the SMART goals stands for:


A) systematic.
B) specific.
C) self-set.
D) scientific.
E) serious.

F) B) and E)
G) A) and E)

Correct Answer

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Equity has _____ effect on citizenship behavior and _____ effect on counterproductive behavior.


A) a strong positive; a strong negative
B) a moderate positive; a moderate negative
C) no; a moderate positive
D) a moderate negative; a strong negative
E) a strong negative; a moderate positive

F) A) and E)
G) D) and E)

Correct Answer

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Motivation is not one thing but rather a set of distinct forces.

A) True
B) False

Correct Answer

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Grace invests a great deal of energy in her job. She focuses closely, finds her tasks so interesting that she loses track of time, and takes a lot of initiative. Grace demonstrates a high level of ______.


A) engagement
B) expectancy
C) instrumentality
D) goal acceptance
E) equity appreciation

F) A) and E)
G) None of the above

Correct Answer

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A

The belief that exerting a high level of effort will result in the successful performance of some task is known as:


A) instrumentality.
B) valence.
C) equity.
D) expectancy.
E) psychological empowerment.

F) None of the above
G) B) and E)

Correct Answer

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Individuals who value money for the achievement, respect, and freedom it confers value the rational meaning of money.

A) True
B) False

Correct Answer

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The need to be able to predict one's future is a(n) _____ need.


A) relatedness
B) control
C) esteem
D) self-actualization
E) self-regard

F) A) and D)
G) None of the above

Correct Answer

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Profit sharing tends to have a stronger motivational effect on employee effort than individual incentives do.

A) True
B) False

Correct Answer

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The attractiveness of many rewards varies across cultures.

A) True
B) False

Correct Answer

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Food, shelter, safety, and protection required for human existence represent _____ needs.


A) physiological
B) relatedness
C) control
D) self-regard
E) self-actualization

F) A) and C)
G) B) and C)

Correct Answer

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A

Allan and Danny have been working for Yummy Treats for about five years, at the same level of management and doing similar kinds of work. Allan has been focusing on setting specific and difficult goals for himself and believes that exerting a high level of effort will result in the successful performance in his job. On the other hand, Danny compares himself to different managers, such as Jim who works for the competitor in a similar work position. He feels disheartened when he finds out that he is significantly underrewarded at Yummy Treats. From Danny's view in this situation, Jim is a(n) :


A) empowerment evaluator.
B) valence generator.
C) cognitive distorter.
D) external comparison.
E) internal comparison.

F) C) and E)
G) B) and E)

Correct Answer

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Which of the following reflects the sense that a person's actions "make a difference," indicating that progress is being made toward fulfilling some important purpose?


A) Impact
B) Meaningfulness
C) Self-determination
D) Competence
E) Integrity

F) B) and E)
G) C) and D)

Correct Answer

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Which theory focuses most specifically on describing the cognitive process that employees go through to make choices among different voluntary responses?


A) Equity theory
B) Extrinsic theory
C) Expectancy theory
D) Goal setting theory
E) Psychological empowerment theory

F) A) and C)
G) A) and B)

Correct Answer

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The efficacy of an individual can be influenced by all of these except:


A) past accomplishments.
B) vicarious experiences.
C) verbal persuasion.
D) the valence of the rewards.
E) emotional cues.

F) A) and E)
G) A) and B)

Correct Answer

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Emily and Steffi work at Education Yours, a nonprofit educational institution. Last month, Steffi, newly hired on a temporary teaching assignment, was asked by her supervisor to teach an online course. Being new to online teaching, Steffi is considering her efficacy. She talks to Emily and other individuals who have been teaching online for several years. Emily takes pride in her teaching and always approaches her teaching with total enthusiasm. Emily tells Steffi that she believes exerting a high level of effort will result in a successful performance in her online teaching. Which of the following best describes Emily's belief about exerting a high level of effort?


A) Valence
B) Equity
C) Expectancy
D) Instrumentality
E) Emotional cues

F) A) and D)
G) A) and E)

Correct Answer

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C

The energy rooted in the belief that work tasks contribute to some larger purpose is known as:


A) self-efficacy.
B) goal commitment.
C) goal setting.
D) vicarious experience.
E) psychological empowerment.

F) A) and B)
G) None of the above

Correct Answer

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A(n) _____ involves a "comparison other" in the same company.


A) equity distress
B) emotional cue
C) cognitive distortion
D) internal comparison
E) external comparison

F) C) and D)
G) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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