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Which of the following terms is used to label the rhythmic changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic activity that affect heart rate coincident with respiration?


A) lung sinus rhythmia
B) pulmonary sinus rhythmia
C) respiratory sinus rhythmia
D) pulmonary sinus arrhythmia
E) respiratory sinus arrhythmia

F) B) and D)
G) B) and C)

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Which of the following blood vessels is slightly larger than capillaries, allowing for some exchange between blood and the tissue?


A) venule
B) artery
C) vein
D) capillary
E) arteriole

F) A) and D)
G) A) and B)

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To produce angiotensin II, what must be secreted from the kidney to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme?


A) angiotensinogen
B) renin
C) erythropoietin
D) preangiotensin
E) vitamin D3

F) A) and D)
G) A) and C)

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Angiotensin II has what effect on systemic arterioles?


A) vasospasm
B) vasoconstriction
C) neither vasodilation or vasoconstriction, but may cause vasospasm
D) vasoconstriction and vasospasm
E) vasodilation

F) All of the above
G) A) and D)

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Due to their diameter, capillaries have the greatest individual resistance, while the arteriole networks have the greatest total resistance.

A) True
B) False

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Smooth muscle in the veins has what type of adrenergic receptor?


A) cholinergic
B) alpha cholinergic
C) gamma
D) alpha
E) beta2

F) A) and B)
G) D) and E)

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What is/are the component(s) of a blood vessel's extracellular matrix that provide(s) the tensile strength required to withstand pressure?


A) hemoglobin
B) elastin
C) albumin
D) gap junctions
E) collagen

F) B) and D)
G) D) and E)

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Blood flowing through a vessel is subject to the same physical limitations as fluid flowing through a tube. Describe the physical properties of blood flow and blood pressure.

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Blood flow = pressure gradient/resistanc...

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Which of the following structures contains high pressure baroreceptors?


A) aortic arch only
B) carotid sinus only
C) right atrium only
D) both the aortic arch and carotid sinus
E) aortic arch, right atrium, and carotid sinus

F) A) and B)
G) A) and E)

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The flow equation is: flow = pressure gradient × resistance.

A) True
B) False

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The regulation of mean arterial pressure involves the interaction between extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms. While the intrinsic mechanisms can affect mean arterial pressure, they also play an important role in the distribution of cardiac output to individual organs. Discuss the role of the intrinsic mechanisms in the control of organ resistance.

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Intrinsic control refers to the concept ...

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Mean arterial pressure is regulated by a negative feedback system that involves the central nervous system. Discuss the afferent limb, the efferent limb, and the integrator of the baroreceptor reflex.

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Mean arterial pressure is detected by ar...

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Smooth muscle is ONLY found in arterioles.

A) True
B) False

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Which of the following descriptions of the autonomic innervation of the cardiovascular system is FALSE?


A) Both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons innervate the SA node.
B) Sympathetic activity increases cardiac output, whereas parasympathetic activity decreases cardiac output.
C) Only sympathetic neurons provide significant innervation of the contractile cells of the heart.
D) Both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons innervate smooth muscle in arterioles.
E) Only sympathetic neurons innervate smooth muscle in veins.

F) B) and E)
G) A) and B)

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At this point, a number of equations in the text have expanded upon cardiac output = heart rate × stroke volume. These include equations for calculating blood flow, cardiac output (using variables other than those above), mean arterial pressure, and organ blood flow. Provide the equations for the above variables and briefly discuss their relevance.

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Blood flow = pressure gradient/resistanc...

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Where is the cardiovascular control center?


A) adrenal cortex
B) hypothalamus
C) adrenal medulla
D) medulla oblongata
E) pons

F) None of the above
G) B) and E)

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Where are the arterial baroreceptors located?


A) the pons
B) aortic arch and carotid sinuses (carotid arteries)
C) brachiocephalic artery
D) coronary arteries
E) coronary sinuses and aortic arch

F) B) and C)
G) B) and E)

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Bradykinin causes vasodilation by stimulating the release of what substance from endothelial cells?


A) thromboxane A2
B) cyclooxygenase
C) nitric oxide
D) endothelin I
E) arachidonic acid

F) A) and E)
G) B) and D)

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Nitric oxide has what effect on systemic arterioles?


A) vasospasm
B) vasoconstriction and vasospasm
C) vasoconstriction
D) neither vasodilation or vasoconstriction, but may cause vasospasm
E) vasodilation

F) A) and D)
G) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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What is a decrease in blood flow that is less than what is necessary to keep up with metabolic demands called?


A) hypoxemia
B) hyperemia
C) hypoxia
D) infarction
E) ischemia

F) C) and D)
G) A) and E)

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