Question 1

According to Donald Campbell, the reason that humans sometimes demonstrate nonreciprocal altruism toward strangers is that

Accepted Answer

A)   unique circumstances have created a genetic predisposition to be selfless in rare individuals.
B)   human societies have evolved ethical rules such as "Love your neighbour."
C)   improved communication has made the world smaller and thus everyone is our kin.
D)   helpers misperceive strangers as either close kin or capable of reciprocity.E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 2

Circumstances that promote _______________ should also ___________ helping.

Accepted Answer

A)   self-awareness; increase
B)   honesty; increase
C)   norms of reciprocity; decrease
D)   guilt; decreaseE) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 3

According to social exchange theory, we use a ___________ strategy in deciding when and whether to help others.

Accepted Answer

A)   social comparison
B)   compensatory
C)   minimax
D)   marginal utilityE) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 4

Bystanders will inhibit helping most under which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

A)   the emergency is ambiguous
B)   the other bystanders are strangers
C)   the bystanders cannot readily read one another's reactions
D)   all of these choicesE) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 5

What is the bystander effect? Discuss the three main circumstances that inhibit bystander intervention.

Accepted Answer

The bystander effect is a social psychol...

Question 6

Egoism's ultimate goal is to

Accepted Answer

A)   contribute to another's welfare.
B)   contribute to one's own welfare as well as another's welfare.
C)   contribute to one's own welfare.
D)   diminish another's welfare.E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

Question 7

According to the text, which of the following is a possible explanation for why are people kind to strangers they will never see again?

Accepted Answer

A)   They expect to be treated well themselves in the future.
B)   It gives them a feeling of satisfaction.
C)   They know the stranger is in need of help.
D)   It makes them overcome feelings of loneliness.E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 8

From an evolutionary perspective, it would be most difficult to explain why

Accepted Answer

A)   John paid his son's hospital bill.
B)   Phyllis helps her mother clean the house.
C)   William helps his next-door neighbour paint his house.
D)   Ruth risked her life to save a stranger from being murdered.E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 9

According to the text, people in a hurry may be less willing to help because

Accepted Answer

A)   they have weighed the costs of helping and have decided they are too high.
B)   they never fully grasp the situation as one requiring their assistance.
C)   they tend to be selfish and primarily concerned with meeting their own needs.
D)   they tend to be in a negative mood state and therefore are less likely to help.E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 10

Suzanne, James, William, and Theodore all walk down Wall Street each day and see the same sign requesting donations to an organization that helps poor people. Which of these people is most likely to give a donation?

Accepted Answer

A)   Suzanne, who believes that poor people should work harder to help themselves.
B)   James, who is a high self-monitor.
C)   William, who believes that people can become poor through no fault of their own.
D)   Theodore, who attributes people's poverty to their reckless spending habits.E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 11

Bystanders increase their helpfulness as they become more

Accepted Answer

A)   self-aware.
B)   depressed.
C)   anxious.
D)   self-accepting.E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 12

If victims seem to have created their own problems by laziness or lack of foresight, we are less willing to offer help. Helping responses are thus closely tied to

Accepted Answer

A)   the overjustification effect.
B)   attributions.
C)   self-concept.
D)   empathy.E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 13

According to the text, the social-responsibility norm gets selectively applied according to the following principle:

Accepted Answer

A)   Give but require repayment with interest.
B)   Give people what they deserve.
C)   Give away only what you will never use.
D)   Do unto others as they have done unto you.E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 14

Moira just won a school lottery fund for $4,000. She is thrilled and is trying to figure out how to spend her money. Which of the following options would be associated with the greatest feelings of happiness and internal reward for Moira?

Accepted Answer

A)   She goes on a shopping spree and spends the money on things she could never afford to buy otherwise.
B)   She goes on a shopping spree and buys her Mom a new bed because she knows how badly her mother needs one.
C)   She goes on a shopping spree and spends her money on a bunch of items that she really needed to buy.
D)   She takes the money to the bank and deposits it into her savings account, and wants to be responsible with her money.E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 15

What we can learn from research suggesting that "service learning" and volunteer programs woven into a school curriculum have been shown to later increase social responsibility and cooperation?

Accepted Answer

A)   Attitudes follow behaviour
B)   Behaviour follows attitudes
C)   The importance of the peripheral routes to persuasion
D)   The importance of the central routes to persuasionE) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 16

In the experimental studies of bystander non-intervention, researchers have

Accepted Answer

A)   always first obtained the participant's informed consent.
B)   been careful to debrief their laboratory participants.
C)   subsequently found that most research participants believe the laboratory experiments have little, if any, application to everyday life.
D)   All of these choicesE) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 17

Both European Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews during the Nazi era and civil rights activists of the 1950s report that

Accepted Answer

A)   they came from families who themselves had been victims of some form of social injustice.
B)   they had warm, close relationships with parents who were committed to humanitarian causes.
C)   their efforts were in part a reaction to having been raised in a troubled family environment in which parents and children were in frequent conflict.
D)   they were firstborn or only children whose parents had taught them courage and independence.E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 18

Altruism is to ___________________ as egoism is to ___________________.

Accepted Answer

A)   Gouldner; Batson
B)   reciprocity; social justice
C)   evolutionary theory; social norms theory
D)   another's welfare; one's own welfareE) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 19

Experiments have induced guilt by having people deliver shock, lie, cheat, or destroy property. Such studies consistently show that people who feel guilty

Accepted Answer

A)   typically displace their frustration by justifying others' suffering.
B)   are more likely to help an undeserving person than an innocent victim.
C)   will do whatever they can to expunge the guilt and restore their self-esteem.
D)   tend to be distracted and thus are less likely to notice others' need for help.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 20

Melissa sometimes fears that she will be assaulted when she is out alone at night. She makes a small joke and shares a smile with two female strangers while they are all waiting for the elevator in a parking garage late one night. Melissa may realize that

Accepted Answer

A)   women are more likely than men to help a stranger who is in danger.
B)   overcoming egoism is necessary to increase her feelings of personal safety.
C)   even a trivial warm contact with a stranger increases the likelihood that a stranger will offer help if needed.
D)   she might meet the women again and she wants them to accept the help she offers to them.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Exam 8: Altruism: Helping Others

Both European Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews during the Nazi era and civil rights activists of the 1950s report that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Experiments have induced guilt by having people deliver shock, lie, cheat, or destroy property. Such studies consistently show that people who feel guilty

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the text, which of the following is a possible explanation for why are people kind to strangers they will never see again?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the text, the social-responsibility norm gets selectively applied according to the following principle:

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Altruism is to ___________________ as egoism is to ___________________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Donald Campbell, the reason that humans sometimes demonstrate nonreciprocal altruism toward strangers is that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to social exchange theory, we use a ___________ strategy in deciding when and whether to help others.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What we can learn from research suggesting that "service learning" and volunteer programs woven into a school curriculum have been shown to later increase social responsibility and cooperation?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the bystander effect? Discuss the three main circumstances that inhibit bystander intervention.

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AIThe bystander effect is a social psychol...View AnswerShow Answer

Bystanders increase their helpfulness as they become more

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the experimental studies of bystander non-intervention, researchers have

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From an evolutionary perspective, it would be most difficult to explain why

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Bystanders will inhibit helping most under which of the following conditions?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Egoism's ultimate goal is to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If victims seem to have created their own problems by laziness or lack of foresight, we are less willing to offer help. Helping responses are thus closely tied to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Melissa sometimes fears that she will be assaulted when she is out alone at night. She makes a small joke and shares a smile with two female strangers while they are all waiting for the elevator in a parking garage late one night. Melissa may realize that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Suzanne, James, William, and Theodore all walk down Wall Street each day and see the same sign requesting donations to an organization that helps poor people. Which of these people is most likely to give a donation?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the text, people in a hurry may be less willing to help because

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Circumstances that promote _______________ should also ___________ helping.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Moira just won a school lottery fund for $4,000. She is thrilled and is trying to figure out how to spend her money. Which of the following options would be associated with the greatest feelings of happiness and internal reward for Moira?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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Altruism is to _ as egoism is to _.

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The bystander effect is a social psychol...
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Circumstances that promote _____ should also _ helping.

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